Seebeck Effect
The Seebeck effect creates a voltage in conductors or semiconductor when subjected to a temperature gradient, i.e. when one side of the material is warmer than another. This effect enables thermoelectric devices which can measure temperature and generate electricity from waste heat.
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Code
seebeck-effect.typ (253 lines)
#import "@preview/cetz:0.5.2": canvas, decorations, draw
#import draw: circle, content, line, on-layer, rect
#set page(width: auto, height: auto, margin: 4pt, fill: none)
#set text(size: 12pt)
#let dy = 0.45
#let sink-dx = 0.84
#let sink-dy = 0.58
#let bar-dx = 0.66
#let pillar-dx = 0.66
#let edge-stroke = (paint: black, thickness: 0.6pt)
#let circuit-stroke = (paint: black, thickness: 1.1pt)
#let circuit-mark = (symbol: "stealth", fill: black, scale: 0.5, shorten-to: none)
#let field-color = black.transparentize(10%)
#let field-stroke = (paint: field-color, thickness: 1.0pt)
#let field-mark = (end: "stealth", fill: field-color, scale: 0.55)
#let sink-blue = rgb("#0b0bff")
#let sink-side-blue = rgb("#0606cf")
#let pillar-grad = gradient.linear(
rgb("#d20a17"),
rgb("#5660d4"),
angle: 90deg,
)
#let bar-red = rgb("#ef1313")
#let bar-side-red = rgb("#de1313")
#let bar-top-red = rgb("#ff2222")
#let n-color = rgb("#11b7ef")
#let p-color = rgb("#ffa300")
#let bar-x0 = 1.0
#let bar-y0 = 7.0
#let bar-w = 9.95
#let bar-h = 0.9
#let draw-prism(x0, y0, w, h, depth-x, front-fill, right-fill, top-fill, stroke, depth-y: dy) = {
rect((x0, y0), (x0 + w, y0 + h), fill: front-fill, stroke: stroke)
line(
(x0 + w, y0),
(x0 + w + depth-x, y0 + depth-y),
(x0 + w + depth-x, y0 + h + depth-y),
(x0 + w, y0 + h),
close: true,
fill: right-fill,
stroke: stroke,
)
line(
(x0, y0 + h),
(x0 + w, y0 + h),
(x0 + w + depth-x, y0 + h + depth-y),
(x0 + depth-x, y0 + h + depth-y),
close: true,
fill: top-fill,
stroke: stroke,
)
}
#let charge-marker(x, y, sign: $+$, fill: p-color) = {
circle((x, y), radius: 0.2, fill: fill, stroke: none)
content(
(x, y + 0.03),
text(size: 12pt, weight: "light", fill: black)[#sign],
anchor: "center",
)
line(
(x, y - 0.22),
(x, y - 0.72),
stroke: (paint: black, thickness: 1.3pt),
mark: (end: "stealth", fill: black, scale: 0.7),
)
}
#let sink-block(x0, y0, w: 2.9, h: 0.85) = {
draw-prism(
x0,
y0,
w,
h,
sink-dx,
sink-blue,
sink-side-blue,
sink-side-blue.lighten(20%),
edge-stroke,
depth-y: sink-dy,
)
content(
(x0 + w / 2, y0 + h / 2),
text(size: 14pt, fill: white)[heat sink],
anchor: "center",
)
}
#let pillar-w = 2.45
#let pillar-h = 5.35
#let pillar-block(x0, y0, w: pillar-w, h: pillar-h, label: [N]) = {
rect((x0, y0), (x0 + w, y0 + h), fill: pillar-grad, stroke: none)
line(
(x0 + w, y0),
(x0 + w + pillar-dx, y0 + dy),
(x0 + w + pillar-dx, y0 + h + dy),
(x0 + w, y0 + h),
close: true,
fill: pillar-grad,
stroke: none,
)
circle((x0 + w / 2, y0 + h * 0.58), radius: 0.38, stroke: (
paint: white.transparentize(25%),
thickness: 0.7pt,
))
content(
(x0 + w / 2, y0 + h * 0.58),
text(size: 16pt, fill: white.transparentize(25%))[#label],
anchor: "center",
)
}
#let field-arrow-with-polarity(x, y-start, y-end, top-label, bottom-label, label-side) = {
line((x, y-start), (x, y-end), stroke: field-stroke, mark: field-mark)
let x-offset = if label-side == "west" { 0.18 } else { -0.18 }
content(
(x + x-offset, y-start),
text(size: 12pt, fill: field-color)[#top-label],
anchor: label-side,
)
content(
(x + x-offset, y-end),
text(size: 12pt, fill: field-color)[#bottom-label],
anchor: label-side,
)
}
#let draw-circuit-leg(..pts) = {
line(..pts, stroke: circuit-stroke)
}
#canvas({
let left-sink-x = 1.05
let right-sink-x = 7.9
let sink-y = 0.8
let pillar-y = sink-y + 0.95
let left-pillar-x = left-sink-x + 0.35
let right-pillar-x = right-sink-x + 0.35
// Left (N) pillar and sink
sink-block(left-sink-x, sink-y)
pillar-block(left-pillar-x, pillar-y, label: [N])
let left-field-x = left-pillar-x + pillar-w + pillar-dx + 0.25
field-arrow-with-polarity(
left-field-x,
pillar-y + pillar-h - 0.6,
pillar-y + 0.6,
[+],
[-],
"west",
)
for (dx-offset, dy-offset) in (
(1.05, 5.2),
(2.25, 5.2),
(1.05, 2.3),
(2.35, 2.45),
) {
charge-marker(left-sink-x + dx-offset, sink-y + dy-offset, sign: [−], fill: n-color)
}
// Right (P) pillar and sink
sink-block(right-sink-x, sink-y)
pillar-block(right-pillar-x, pillar-y, label: [P])
let right-field-x = right-pillar-x - 0.25
field-arrow-with-polarity(
right-field-x,
pillar-y + 0.55,
pillar-y + pillar-h - 0.55,
[-],
[+],
"east",
)
content(
((left-field-x + right-field-x) / 2, pillar-y + pillar-h * 0.55),
text(size: 15pt, fill: field-color)[electric field],
anchor: "center",
)
for (dx-offset, dy-offset) in (
(1.02, 5.2),
(2.2, 5.2),
(1.02, 2.3),
(2.32, 2.45),
) {
charge-marker(right-sink-x + dx-offset, sink-y + dy-offset, sign: [+], fill: p-color)
}
// Top heat source bar (foreground so it occludes pillars/charges)
on-layer(20, {
draw-prism(
bar-x0,
bar-y0,
bar-w,
bar-h,
bar-dx,
bar-red,
bar-side-red,
bar-top-red,
edge-stroke,
)
content(
(6.05, 8.16),
text(size: 15pt, fill: white)[heat source],
anchor: "center",
)
content(
(5.68, 7.4),
text(size: 20pt, fill: white)[$J arrow.r$],
anchor: "center",
)
})
// Bottom wire closing the electric circuit with central resistor zig-zag.
let wire-y = 0.12
let left-wire-x = left-sink-x + 0.2
let right-wire-x = right-sink-x + 2.55
let zig-right-x = 5.85
let zig-left-x = 4.65
// Right-angle segments.
draw-circuit-leg(
(right-wire-x, sink-y),
(right-wire-x, wire-y),
(zig-right-x, wire-y),
)
draw-circuit-leg(
(zig-left-x, wire-y),
(left-wire-x, wire-y),
(left-wire-x, sink-y),
)
// Center resistor as a decorated zigzag, with multiple arrow tips on the same path.
decorations.zigzag(
line(
(zig-right-x, wire-y),
(zig-left-x, wire-y),
stroke: circuit-stroke,
mark: (
end: (
(pos: 20%, ..circuit-mark),
(pos: 50%, ..circuit-mark),
(pos: 80%, ..circuit-mark),
),
),
),
amplitude: 0.12,
segment-length: 0.2,
)
})